The new deal will see the backrower complete a decade in Glasgow after joining the club in 2010 and having gone on to amass 138 appearances.
Wilson was named club captain by Dave Rennie after the New Zealander took over from Gregor Townsend last summer and Townsend made him Scotland Vice Captain following his appointment as Scotland Head Coach. He has played 37 times for his country.
The 28-year-old, who is capable of playing at six, seven or eight, was a member of the 2015 Warriors PRO12 title-winning squad and becomes the 13th player to commit his future to the Guinness PRO14 outfit.
Speaking to Warriors TV, Wilson said: "I'm really happy to be staying in Glasgow for at least another two years.
"Glasgow has become home for my family and I love the city and the club.
"I've seen us go from strength to strength since playing my first game at Firhill eight years ago and I can't wait to see it grow even more and be a part of it.
"I'm looking forward to pushing on in Europe in the coming seasons with a really strong group of lads that we have here and continuing to enjoy playing rugby with my mates."
Glasgow Warriors Head Coach Dave Rennie said: "Ryan is a good man, he loves this club and he has a really good way with the players. He is demanding and challenging when he needs to be, but he's great at putting an arm around guys and he really cares about his mates and this club.
"Ryan is uncompromising on the pitch, he's got a really good skill-set and he's obviously a really experienced player. It's great news that he's sticking around for another couple of years."