Full-back Stuart Hogg is the sole starter retained from last weekend's 32-3 defeat in Nice.
Scrum-half Greig Laidlaw captains the side, while uncapped Blade Thomson is joined by Hamish Watson and Ryan Wilson in the back-row.
Peter Horne and Chris Harris form the centre partnership at Murrayfield.
Scott Cummings, making just his second international appearance, and Sam Skinner combine in the second row, while hooker George Turner wins his seventh cap with props Gordon Reid and Willem Nel either side.
Hogg is joined by wings Sean Maitland and Tommy Seymour, while Russell and Laidlaw start together for the 32nd time.
New Zealand-born Thomson, who missed the autumn Tests and Six Nations with concussion, is eligible through his paternal grandfather.
Centre Sam Johnson, back-row Magnus Bradbury and hooker Fraser Brown are currently sidelined by injuries.
Head coach Gregor Townsend is certain he "will see a better performance" after shipping five tries in the south of France.
"We referenced a game in the changing room where we missed a performance against Wales a year ago and turned round in a week with a very good performance against France.
"The physical drive has to be right across the team. The players know that and know that is what should happen every time they play for Scotland," Townsend said.
"If last week was a reminder to us all that if you don't do that, you are going to come to a big loss, then we don't need another reminder."
Scotland
15 Stuart Hogg VICE CAPTAIN (Exeter Chiefs)
14 Tommy Seymour (Glasgow Warriors)
13 Chris Harris (Gloucester)
12 Peter Horne (Glasgow Warriors)
11 Sean Maitland (Saracens)
10 Finn Russell (Racing 92)
9 Greig Laidlaw CAPTAIN (Clermont Auvergne)
1 Gordon Reid (Ayrshire Bulls)
2 George Turner (Glasgow Warriors)
3 Willem Nel (Edinburgh)
4 Scott Cummings (Glasgow Warriors)
5 Sam Skinner (Exeter Chiefs)
6 Ryan Wilson VICE CAPTAIN (Glasgow Warriors)
7 Hamish Watson (Edinburgh)
8 Blade Thomson (Scarlets)
Substitutes
16 Grant Stewart (Glasgow Warriors)
17 Allan Dell (London Irish)
18 Simon Berghan (Edinburgh)
19 Grant Gilchrist (Edinburgh)
20 John Barclay (Edinburgh)
21 George Horne (Glasgow Warriors)
22 Rory Hutchinson (Northampton Saints)
23 Blair Kinghorn (Edinburgh)